What are Liver Biomarkers?
Alanine Transaminase (ALT)
ALT is an enzyme mostly found in the liver. When liver cells are damaged by alcohol, medications, infections, or injury, ALT leaks into the bloodstream.
Example: ALT is like a smoke signal from the liver—when it rises, something’s burning or broken.
How it’s measured: Blood test measuring the amount of ALT enzyme in the bloodstream.
Albumin
Albumin is a protein made by the liver. It keeps fluid in your blood vessels, transports nutrients and hormones, and reflects liver, kidney, and digestive health.
Example: Albumin is like a delivery truck and sponge in one—it moves supplies around and keeps everything in place.
How it’s measured: Blood test measuring albumin concentration.
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
ALP is an enzyme found in the liver, bones, kidneys, and intestines. Elevated levels may signal liver disease, bone disorders, or malnutrition.
Example: ALP is like a repair crew—it’s part of normal construction, but when it spikes, something might be under stress.
How it’s measured: Blood test measuring ALP enzyme levels.
Aspartate Transaminase (AST)
AST is an enzyme that helps the liver break down amino acids. High levels often indicate liver injury or stress but can also reflect heart or muscle problems.
Example: AST is like a mechanic working inside your cells—too much in the blood means parts are leaking.
How it’s measured: Blood test measuring AST enzyme activity.
Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT)
GGT detects liver problems, alcohol overuse, or toxin exposure. It’s often the first liver enzyme to rise when something is wrong.
Example: GGT is like a liver security alarm—it goes off when toxins or blockages are messing with your liver.
How it’s measured: Blood test measuring GGT enzyme levels.
Total Bilirubin
Bilirubin is a yellow substance made when your liver breaks down red blood cells. High levels can cause jaundice and may point to liver disease, bile duct blockage, or anemia.
Example: Bilirubin is like waste from breaking down old cells—if your liver can’t take out the trash, levels build up.
How it’s measured: Blood test measuring total bilirubin in the blood.
Total Protein
This test measures all the proteins in your blood, including albumin and globulin. It reflects your body’s ability to build cells, make enzymes and hormones, and support the immune system.
Example: Total protein is like checking the material supply for construction—your body needs enough to keep things running.
How it’s measured: Blood test measuring total serum proteins.
Globulin
Globulin is a group of proteins that help with immune function, blood clotting, and liver health. Abnormal levels may signal chronic inflammation, infections, or autoimmune conditions.
Example: Globulins are like immune system workers—always on patrol, building defenses and repairing damage.
How it’s measured: Blood test measuring specific protein fractions, often part of a total protein panel.
